{"id":85,"date":"2014-08-18T14:21:08","date_gmt":"2014-08-18T18:21:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/?page_id=85"},"modified":"2015-11-11T21:28:08","modified_gmt":"2015-11-12T02:28:08","slug":"bypass-transition","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/research\/bypass-transition\/","title":{"rendered":"Transition"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem\"><div id=\"kgvid_kgvid_0_wrapper\" class=\"kgvid_wrapper kgvid_wrapper_inline kgvid_wrapper_inline_left\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"video_kgvid_0_div\" class=\"fitvidsignore kgvid_videodiv\" data-id=\"kgvid_0\" data-kgvid_video_vars=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;kgvid_0&quot;,&quot;attachment_id&quot;:1021,&quot;player_type&quot;:&quot;Video.js v8&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;640&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:&quot;360&quot;,&quot;fullwidth&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;fixed_aspect&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;countable&quot;:true,&quot;count_views&quot;:&quot;quarters&quot;,&quot;start&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;pauseothervideos&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;set_volume&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;muted&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;meta&quot;:false,&quot;endofvideooverlay&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;resize&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;auto_res&quot;:&quot;automatic&quot;,&quot;pixel_ratio&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;right_click&quot;:&quot;on&quot;,&quot;playback_rate&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;APS entry V0056 (APS-DFD 2015)&quot;,&quot;skip_buttons&quot;:[],&quot;nativecontrolsfortouch&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;locale&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;enable_resolutions_plugin&quot;:false}\" itemprop=\"video\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"><meta itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/APS_entry_01.png\"><meta itemprop=\"embedUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/151006_transitional_BL_APS_DFD_GFM.m4v\"><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/151006_transitional_BL_APS_DFD_GFM.m4v\"><meta itemprop=\"name\" content=\"APS entry V0056 (APS-DFD 2015)\"><meta itemprop=\"description\" content=\"Video\"><meta itemprop=\"uploadDate\" content=\"2015-11-11T20:54:37-05:00\">\n\t\t\t\t<video id=\"video_kgvid_0\" playsinline controls preload=\"metadata\" poster=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/APS_entry_01.png\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"fitvidsignore video-js kg-video-js-skin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/151006_transitional_BL_APS_DFD_GFM.m4v?id=0\" type=\"video\/mp4\" data-res=\"360p\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/video>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem\">In many fluid flows, transition of boundary layers from laminar to turbulence is forced by free-stream perturbations. This phenomenon is called <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem\">Bypass<\/em> <em style=\"font-size: 1rem\">Transition<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem\">, and affects various engineering applications including, for example,\u00a0turbo-machinery flows. As a result, transition prediction is recognized as a key factor in improving the design of these machines.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The clip below shows iso-surfaces of streamwise velocity perturbations, and vertical plane shows the free-stream turbulence. The flow is initially laminar and characterized by long streamwise perturbations \u2014 the boundary layer <em>streaks<\/em> also known as <em>Klebanoff distortions.<\/em> A turbulent spot is observed downstream, followed by the fully turbulent boundary layer. The inception of turbulent spots or patches is sporadic, both in space and time.\u00a0Its frequency and propensity dictate the length of the transitional region.<\/p>\n<div id=\"kgvid_kgvid_1_wrapper\" class=\"kgvid_wrapper kgvid_wrapper_inline kgvid_wrapper_inline_left\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"video_kgvid_1_div\" class=\"fitvidsignore kgvid_videodiv\" data-id=\"kgvid_1\" data-kgvid_video_vars=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;kgvid_1&quot;,&quot;attachment_id&quot;:137,&quot;player_type&quot;:&quot;Video.js v8&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;640&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:&quot;362&quot;,&quot;fullwidth&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;fixed_aspect&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;countable&quot;:true,&quot;count_views&quot;:&quot;quarters&quot;,&quot;start&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;pauseothervideos&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;set_volume&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;muted&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;meta&quot;:false,&quot;endofvideooverlay&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;resize&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;auto_res&quot;:&quot;automatic&quot;,&quot;pixel_ratio&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;right_click&quot;:&quot;on&quot;,&quot;playback_rate&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;movie_05&quot;,&quot;skip_buttons&quot;:[],&quot;nativecontrolsfortouch&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;locale&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;enable_resolutions_plugin&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;default_res&quot;:false}\" itemprop=\"video\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"><meta itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/movie_05_thumb4.jpg\"><meta itemprop=\"embedUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/movie_05.mov\"><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/movie_05.mov\"><meta itemprop=\"name\" content=\"movie_05\"><meta itemprop=\"description\" content=\"Video\"><meta itemprop=\"uploadDate\" content=\"2014-08-26T10:15:02-04:00\">\n\t\t\t\t<video id=\"video_kgvid_1\" playsinline controls preload=\"metadata\" poster=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/movie_05_thumb4.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"fitvidsignore video-js kg-video-js-skin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/movie_05.mov?id=1\" type=\"video\/mp4\" data-res=\"360p\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/movie_05-360.mp4?id=1\" type=\"video\/mp4\" data-res=\"360p\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/movie_05.webm?id=1\" type=\"video\/webm\" data-res=\"WEBM VP8\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/video>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<p align=\"left\">We have also developed novel structure identification and tracking algorithms that enable us to examine the entire temporal and spatial evolution of the pre-transitional <em>streaks<\/em>,\u00a0and to extract\u00a0the particular streaks that break down into spots. \u00a0These streaks are generally much high amplitude than the rest of the population, and are often two- to three-times higher in magnitude than the average streak.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><div id=\"kgvid_kgvid_2_wrapper\" class=\"kgvid_wrapper kgvid_wrapper_inline kgvid_wrapper_inline_left\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"video_kgvid_2_div\" class=\"fitvidsignore kgvid_videodiv\" data-id=\"kgvid_2\" data-kgvid_video_vars=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;kgvid_2&quot;,&quot;attachment_id&quot;:404,&quot;player_type&quot;:&quot;Video.js v8&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;640&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:&quot;197&quot;,&quot;fullwidth&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;fixed_aspect&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;countable&quot;:true,&quot;count_views&quot;:&quot;quarters&quot;,&quot;start&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;pauseothervideos&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;set_volume&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;muted&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;meta&quot;:false,&quot;endofvideooverlay&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;resize&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;auto_res&quot;:&quot;automatic&quot;,&quot;pixel_ratio&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;right_click&quot;:&quot;on&quot;,&quot;playback_rate&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;movie_07&quot;,&quot;skip_buttons&quot;:[],&quot;nativecontrolsfortouch&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;locale&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;enable_resolutions_plugin&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;default_res&quot;:false}\" itemprop=\"video\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"><meta itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/movie_07_thumb4.jpg\"><meta itemprop=\"embedUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/movie_07.mov\"><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/movie_07.mov\"><meta itemprop=\"name\" content=\"movie_07\"><meta itemprop=\"description\" content=\"Video\"><meta itemprop=\"uploadDate\" content=\"2014-10-11T15:10:55-04:00\">\n\t\t\t\t<video id=\"video_kgvid_2\" playsinline controls preload=\"metadata\" poster=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/movie_07_thumb4.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"197\" class=\"fitvidsignore video-js kg-video-js-skin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/movie_07.mov?id=2\" type=\"video\/mp4\" data-res=\"400p\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/movie_07-360.mp4?id=2\" type=\"video\/mp4\" data-res=\"360p\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/movie_07.webm?id=2\" type=\"video\/webm\" data-res=\"WEBM VP8\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/video>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Beyond the secondary instability of the steaks, the emergent turbulent spots can be tracked as well. \u00a0This enable us to examine the development of turbulence and the dynamics of the laminar-turbulence interface. \u00a0The video below shows our spot tracking as the turbulent patch expands and occupies a larger volume within the boundary layer, and ultimately merge with the downstream fully-turbulent flow.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><div id=\"kgvid_kgvid_3_wrapper\" class=\"kgvid_wrapper kgvid_wrapper_inline kgvid_wrapper_inline_left\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"video_kgvid_3_div\" class=\"fitvidsignore kgvid_videodiv\" data-id=\"kgvid_3\" data-kgvid_video_vars=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;kgvid_3&quot;,&quot;attachment_id&quot;:406,&quot;player_type&quot;:&quot;Video.js v8&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;640&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:&quot;292&quot;,&quot;fullwidth&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;fixed_aspect&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;countable&quot;:true,&quot;count_views&quot;:&quot;quarters&quot;,&quot;start&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;pauseothervideos&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;set_volume&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;muted&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;meta&quot;:false,&quot;endofvideooverlay&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;resize&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;auto_res&quot;:&quot;automatic&quot;,&quot;pixel_ratio&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;right_click&quot;:&quot;on&quot;,&quot;playback_rate&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;spot_tracking_X_148060&quot;,&quot;skip_buttons&quot;:[],&quot;nativecontrolsfortouch&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;locale&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;enable_resolutions_plugin&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;default_res&quot;:false}\" itemprop=\"video\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"><meta itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/spot_tracking_X_148060_thumb3.jpg\"><meta itemprop=\"embedUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/spot_tracking_X_148060.mov\"><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/spot_tracking_X_148060.mov\"><meta itemprop=\"name\" content=\"spot_tracking_X_148060\"><meta itemprop=\"description\" content=\"Video\"><meta itemprop=\"uploadDate\" content=\"2014-10-11T15:10:57-04:00\">\n\t\t\t\t<video id=\"video_kgvid_3\" playsinline controls preload=\"metadata\" poster=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/spot_tracking_X_148060_thumb3.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"292\" class=\"fitvidsignore video-js kg-video-js-skin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/spot_tracking_X_148060.mov?id=3\" type=\"video\/mp4\" data-res=\"500p\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/spot_tracking_X_148060-360.mp4?id=3\" type=\"video\/mp4\" data-res=\"360p\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/spot_tracking_X_148060.webm?id=3\" type=\"video\/webm\" data-res=\"WEBM VP8\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/video>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.714285714;font-size: 1rem\">To aid in transition modeling, we have performed detailed\u00a0direct numerical simulations (DNS) of bypass transition over a wide range of conditions. \u00a0These computational experiments were only possible through the development and implementation of efficient, scalable algorithms. \u00a0The example below compares transition onset at different levels of streamwise pressure gradient, starting with a favorable, then zero and finally two progressively more adverse pressure gradients.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><div id=\"kgvid_kgvid_4_wrapper\" class=\"kgvid_wrapper kgvid_wrapper_inline kgvid_wrapper_inline_left\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"video_kgvid_4_div\" class=\"fitvidsignore kgvid_videodiv\" data-id=\"kgvid_4\" data-kgvid_video_vars=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;kgvid_4&quot;,&quot;attachment_id&quot;:401,&quot;player_type&quot;:&quot;Video.js v8&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;640&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:&quot;390&quot;,&quot;fullwidth&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;fixed_aspect&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;countable&quot;:true,&quot;count_views&quot;:&quot;quarters&quot;,&quot;start&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;pauseothervideos&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;set_volume&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;muted&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;meta&quot;:false,&quot;endofvideooverlay&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;resize&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;auto_res&quot;:&quot;automatic&quot;,&quot;pixel_ratio&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;right_click&quot;:&quot;on&quot;,&quot;playback_rate&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;up_all_cases_IFUN_APS&quot;,&quot;skip_buttons&quot;:[],&quot;nativecontrolsfortouch&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;locale&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;enable_resolutions_plugin&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;default_res&quot;:false}\" itemprop=\"video\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"><meta itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/up_all_cases_IFUN_APS_thumb15.jpg\"><meta itemprop=\"embedUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/up_all_cases_IFUN_APS.mov\"><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/up_all_cases_IFUN_APS.mov\"><meta itemprop=\"name\" content=\"up_all_cases_IFUN_APS\"><meta itemprop=\"description\" content=\"Video\"><meta itemprop=\"uploadDate\" content=\"2014-10-11T15:03:33-04:00\">\n\t\t\t\t<video id=\"video_kgvid_4\" playsinline controls preload=\"metadata\" poster=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/up_all_cases_IFUN_APS_thumb15.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" class=\"fitvidsignore video-js kg-video-js-skin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/up_all_cases_IFUN_APS.mov?id=4\" type=\"video\/mp4\" data-res=\"643p\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/up_all_cases_IFUN_APS-360.mp4?id=4\" type=\"video\/mp4\" data-res=\"360p\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/up_all_cases_IFUN_APS.webm?id=4\" type=\"video\/webm\" data-res=\"WEBM VP8\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/video>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; In many fluid flows, transition of boundary layers from laminar to turbulence is forced by free-stream perturbations. This phenomenon is called Bypass Transition, and affects various engineering applications including, for example,\u00a0turbo-machinery flows. As a result, transition prediction is recognized as a key factor in improving the design of these machines. The clip below shows [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":30,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-85","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Transition - Flow Science and Engineering<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/research\/bypass-transition\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Transition - Flow Science and Engineering\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp; In many fluid flows, transition of boundary layers from laminar to turbulence is forced by free-stream perturbations. This phenomenon is called Bypass Transition, and affects various engineering applications including, for example,\u00a0turbo-machinery flows. As a result, transition prediction is recognized as a key factor in improving the design of these machines. The clip below shows [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/research\/bypass-transition\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Flow Science and Engineering\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-11-12T02:28:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/zaki\\\/research\\\/bypass-transition\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/zaki\\\/research\\\/bypass-transition\\\/\",\"name\":\"Transition - Flow Science and Engineering\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/zaki\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2014-08-18T18:21:08+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-11-12T02:28:08+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/zaki\\\/research\\\/bypass-transition\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/zaki\\\/research\\\/bypass-transition\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/zaki\\\/research\\\/bypass-transition\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/zaki\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/zaki\\\/research\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Transition\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/zaki\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/zaki\\\/\",\"name\":\"Flow Science and Engineering\",\"description\":\"Tamer Zaki&#039;s Research Group\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/zaki\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Transition - Flow Science and Engineering","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/zaki\/research\/bypass-transition\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Transition - Flow Science and Engineering","og_description":"&nbsp; In many fluid flows, transition of boundary layers from laminar to turbulence is forced by free-stream perturbations. This phenomenon is called Bypass Transition, and affects various engineering applications including, for example,\u00a0turbo-machinery flows. As a result, transition prediction is recognized as a key factor in improving the design of these machines. 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