{"id":57006,"date":"2026-06-12T11:24:33","date_gmt":"2026-06-12T15:24:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine\/?p=57006"},"modified":"2026-06-12T12:25:52","modified_gmt":"2026-06-12T16:25:52","slug":"reliable-imaging-for-clinical-impact","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine\/inquiring-minds\/reliable-imaging-for-clinical-impact\/","title":{"rendered":"Reliable Imaging\u00a0for Clinical Impact\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>As an undergraduate at the&nbsp;University of Texas, Austin,&nbsp;Nethra Venkatayogi enjoyed&nbsp;developing algorithms for&nbsp;medical technologies, but&nbsp;she felt she was missing out&nbsp;on the larger clinical picture.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pursuing a doctorate under&nbsp;the guidance of <a href=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/faculty\/muyinatu-bell\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Muyinatu&nbsp;\u201cBisi\u201d Bell<\/a>, the John C.&nbsp;Malone Associate Professor&nbsp;in the departments of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/ece\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Electrical and Computer&nbsp;Engineering<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bme.jhu.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Biomedical&nbsp;Engineering<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cs.jhu.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Computer&nbsp;Science<\/a> at Johns Hopkins,&nbsp;would rectify that.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cHopkins was a very easy&nbsp;choice for me, because it\u2019s&nbsp;tops for surgical research.&nbsp;Dr. Bell\u2019s lab is especially&nbsp;the right place because&nbsp;she works on women\u2019s&nbsp;health and medical imaging technologies that are very translatable to clinical&nbsp;research,\u201d says Venkatayogi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cIn&nbsp;essence, we are making it&nbsp;more objective for clinicians,&nbsp;because otherwise radiology&nbsp;is dependent on the&nbsp;reader.\u201d \u2014 Nethra Venkatayogi&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>One of Venkatayogi\u2019s early&nbsp;projects addresses the&nbsp;shortcomings of ultrasound&nbsp;in detecting breast cancer.&nbsp;When concerns arise in&nbsp;mammograms, women are&nbsp;usually advised to receive&nbsp;follow-up ultrasounds, but&nbsp;the imaging technology&nbsp;is imperfect in analyzing&nbsp;dense breast tissue, which&nbsp;can be found in nearly half&nbsp;of women aged 40-plus.&nbsp;Ultrasounds cannot easily&nbsp;distinguish (usually benign)&nbsp;fluid-filled cysts from&nbsp;solid potentially cancerous&nbsp;masses. As a result, women&nbsp;undergo anxiety-inducing&nbsp;biopsies even when&nbsp;they don\u2019t need them.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The solution, developed in&nbsp;the PULSE Lab directed by&nbsp;Bell, interprets ultrasound&nbsp;images more reliably.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Venkatayogi developed a&nbsp;user interface that lets radiologists&nbsp;subjectively assess&nbsp;whether masses are solid or&nbsp;fluid-filled. This subjective&nbsp;assessment was compared&nbsp;with another algorithm&nbsp;developed in the PULSE&nbsp;Lab that uses a validated&nbsp;threshold to distinguish solid&nbsp;from fluid-filled masses. \u201cIn&nbsp;essence, we are making it&nbsp;more objective for clinicians,&nbsp;because otherwise radiology&nbsp;is dependent on the&nbsp;reader,\u201d Venkatayogi says.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In initial tests with patients,&nbsp;doctors working with the&nbsp;new method accurately&nbsp;identified masses 96% of the&nbsp;time. They were right just&nbsp;67% of the time analyzing&nbsp;the same masses with&nbsp;their regular tools. \u201cOur&nbsp;achievement will change&nbsp;the landscape of how breast&nbsp;cancer is diagnosed,\u201d&nbsp;predicts Bell. The results&nbsp;of the study appeared in&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article\/2\/6\/umaf037\/8300868\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Radiology Advances<\/a><\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, Venkatayogi is working&nbsp;to improve surgical guidance&nbsp;for hysterectomies.&nbsp;During surgery, cutting off blood supply to the uterus&nbsp;is necessary to remove it.&nbsp;But sometimes surgeons accidentally cut or damage&nbsp;the nearby ureter, which&nbsp;transports urine from the&nbsp;kidney to the bladder.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To address this problem,&nbsp;Bell\u2019s lab uses photoacoustic&nbsp;imaging to guide surgeons.&nbsp;The technique uses short&nbsp;laser pulses at different&nbsp;wavelengths to illuminate&nbsp;tissue, causing it to expand&nbsp;and create sound waves.&nbsp;These sound waves are then&nbsp;detected and processed to&nbsp;create images and image-based information. In&nbsp;the resulting photoacoustic&nbsp;image, the uterine artery&nbsp;appears different from the&nbsp;ureter, helping surgeons&nbsp;recognize and avoid errors.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Venkatayogi used her skills&nbsp;in breast radiology assessment&nbsp;to develop a user&nbsp;interface that allowed surgeons,&nbsp;residents, and engineers&nbsp;to evaluate the safety&nbsp;of the procedures based&nbsp;on various combinations&nbsp;of provided photoacoustic&nbsp;information. The results of&nbsp;the study were published in&nbsp;the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/link-springer-com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu\/article\/10.1007\/s11548-026-03582-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">International Journal&nbsp;of Computer Assisted&nbsp;Radiology and Surgery<\/a><\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Venkatayogi is currently&nbsp;training an AI model with&nbsp;raw data obtained prior to&nbsp;the formation of a photoacoustic image. Trained on this data, the model will be able to identify and differentiate between the ureter,&nbsp;uterine artery, and a surgical&nbsp;tool tip. Based on initial user feedback, the system will&nbsp;deliver real-time surgical&nbsp;guidance, such as distance&nbsp;measurements and auditory&nbsp;warnings (similar to beeps&nbsp;from trucks reversing).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bell appreciates these&nbsp;efforts toward making new&nbsp;technologies more easily&nbsp;adopted. \u201cNethra helps understand,&nbsp;for different technologies,&nbsp;what the users actually&nbsp;want, and what will be&nbsp;most beneficial to surgeons&nbsp;or those entering the field&nbsp;for the first time,\u201d Bell says.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Venkatayogi\u2019s efforts&nbsp;promise real impact. At a&nbsp;\u201cHopkins on the Hill\u201d event&nbsp;in Washington, D.C., where&nbsp;she was showcasing her&nbsp;federally funded research,&nbsp;she met a woman who had&nbsp;undergone bladder complications&nbsp;after a hysterectomy.&nbsp;\u201cShe was so excited that&nbsp;there\u2019s technology being&nbsp;developed to prevent this&nbsp;from happening to anyone&nbsp;else,\u201d Venkatayogi says. \u201cExplaining&nbsp;our research to the&nbsp;public really helps, because&nbsp;it reminds me why doing&nbsp;this work matters, especially&nbsp;when I hear from a patient&nbsp;who has gone through it.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014 POORNIMA APTE&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Projects address\u00a0shortcomings of ultrasound\u00a0in detecting breast cancer.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":57924,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"issue":[105],"class_list":["post-57006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-inquiring-minds","issue-spring-2026"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - 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