{"id":4185,"date":"2016-01-10T17:14:18","date_gmt":"2016-01-10T22:14:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/?p=4185"},"modified":"2017-05-12T15:08:40","modified_gmt":"2017-05-12T19:08:40","slug":"data-downlink","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2016\/01\/data-downlink\/","title":{"rendered":"Data Downlink"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/DataDownlink_1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4384\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-4384 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/DataDownlink_1.jpg\" alt=\"Data Downlink\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/DataDownlink_1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/DataDownlink_1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/DataDownlink_1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/DataDownlink_1-125x125.jpg 125w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a>Alumnus Chris DeBoy oversees New Horizons\u2019 Radio System, and its daily downloads from Pluto promise to shed new light on the worlds at the edge of our solar system.<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>By <strong>Greg Rienzi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/pluto.jhuapl.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">NASA\u2019s New Horizons<\/a> wowed the world last summer when it snapped and sent home stunning high-resolution images of Pluto\u2019s icy surface, captured by the craft\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/pluto.jhuapl.edu\/soc\/lorri_about.html\" target=\"_blank\">Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager<\/a>, nicknamed LORRI.<\/p>\n<p>LORRI collected a treasure trove of data during the six-month-long reconnaissance flyby that ultimately brought the craft within 7,800 miles of the dwarf planet. These surface images were just an appetizer for a full course of scientific data heading our way.<\/p>\n<p>How does all the information get back to us, from billions of miles away?<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/DataDownlink_2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4386\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-4386\" src=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/DataDownlink_2-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Chris DeBoy\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" srcset=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/DataDownlink_2-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/DataDownlink_2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/DataDownlink_2-125x125.jpg 125w, https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/DataDownlink_2.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" \/><\/a>Chris DeBoy, MS \u201993, who joined the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jhuapl.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory<\/a> while earning his master\u2019s degree in electrical engineering at the Whiting School, helps oversee the data \u201cdownlink\u201d from New Horizons to Earth as the lead RF\u2014wireless and high-frequency signals\u2014communications engineer for the mission.<\/p>\n<p>As the data come in, DeBoy notes, the New Horizons mission will tell us more about:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The composition and structure of Pluto\u2019s dynamic atmosphere<\/li>\n<li>The geology of the planet\u2019s surface<\/li>\n<li>Interactions between Pluto and the solar winds<\/li>\n<li>The materials that escape the planet\u2019s atmosphere<\/li>\n<li>Dust grains produced by collisions of asteroids and other Kuiper belt objects<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>New Horizons collected so much data\u2014stored on a pair of 32-gigabit solid-state drives\u2014that it will take over a year to transmit, he says. The information will travel more than 3 billion miles. Even moving at the speed of light, that\u2019s a 4.5-hour trip for a single image.<\/p>\n<p>As instruments made observations, data was transferred to a solid-state recorder where it will be compressed, reformatted, and transmitted to Earth through the spacecraft\u2019s radio telecommunications system and its 2.1-meter high-gain antenna.<\/p>\n<p>Just like Earth-bound computers, New Horizons speaks in a stream of ones and zeros that traverses space via high-frequency radio waves. \u201cThat signal spreads out so much across billions of miles, it\u2019s a radio equivalent of a whisper by the time it gets to Earth,\u201d DeBoy says.<\/p>\n<p>Data received on Earth is sent to the New Horizons Mission Operations Center at APL, where it is \u201cunpacked\u201d and stored. The packets of bits need to be decoded and pieced together to make each image. That\u2019s the job of the Science Operations Center at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado.<\/p>\n<p><strong>How It Works<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It took nine years and nearly 3 billion miles for NASA\u2019s New Horizons spacecraft to reach the Pluto system. On July 14, 2015, the probe\u2014about the size of a baby grand piano and carrying seven scientific instruments\u2014gathered a wealth of data about the dwarf planet and its moons as it streaked past at 31,000 miles per hour.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The data includes high-resolution images taken by the Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI). Dubbed the \u201ceagle eyes\u201d of New Horizons, LORRI is essentially a digital camera with a large telephoto telescope, fortified to operate in cold, hostile environs.<\/li>\n<li>During encounter, the data was transferred and saved to a solid-state recorder\u2014similar in function to a flash memory card for a digital camera, except built for space and highly reliable.<\/li>\n<li>Bits of data are coded for transmission using modern error- correcting codes (turbo codes). Encoded bits are modulated onto a high-frequency radio signal, amplified to 12 watts, and routed to the large, 2.1-meter-diameter, high-gain dish antenna to be sent home. The spacecraft spins slowly to keep this antenna\u2019s beam pointed toward Earth.<\/li>\n<li>About twice each day, these radio signals are detected by NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network, a network of large\u2014up to 70-meter-diameter\u2014antennas in the U.S., Spain, and Australia. Chris DeBoy compares it to \u201cpointing a high-powered telescope directly at the spacecraft to pick up a dim, 12-watt searchlight 3 billion miles away. It\u2019s very faint by the time it gets to Earth, but we are able to lock onto the carrier frequency and decode the data on the signal,\u201d he says.<\/li>\n<li>Even with the DSN, the long distance to Pluto limits the downlink rate to between 2,000 and 4,000 bits per second. Thus, it will require up to 16 months to send the full set of Pluto encounter science back to Earth.<\/li>\n<li>The data received through the DSN is sent to the Mission Operations Center at Johns Hopkins\u2019 Applied Physics Laboratory, where it is unpacked and forwarded to science teams for reassembly into pictures and measurements.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>SOURCE: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alumnus Chris DeBoy oversees New Horizons\u2019 Radio System, and its daily downloads from Pluto promise to shed new light on the worlds at the edge of our solar system.\u00a0 By Greg Rienzi NASA\u2019s New Horizons wowed the world last summer when it snapped and sent home stunning high-resolution images of Pluto\u2019s icy surface, captured by&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":4391,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[188,187,186,185],"class_list":["post-4185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-features","tag-jhuapl","tag-johns-hopkins-university-applied-physics-laboratory","tag-new-horizons","tag-nasa","issue-winter-2016"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - 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