{"id":2179,"date":"2005-01-15T23:45:45","date_gmt":"2005-01-16T04:45:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/?p=2179"},"modified":"2014-12-15T23:46:45","modified_gmt":"2014-12-16T04:46:45","slug":"mixing-metals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/","title":{"rendered":"Mixing it up with Metals"},"content":{"rendered":"

On the nano level, Evan Ma triggers structural changes to give copper and other metals exciting new twists in performance.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"An<\/a>
An iron sample (average grain size of 268 nm) shows an unusual plastic deformation behavior, localized in narrow shear bands. The figure is from \u201cEvolution and Microstructure of Shear Bands in Nanostructured Fe,\u201d by Q. Wei, D. Jia, K.T. Ramesh, and E. Ma, published in Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 81, No. 7. \u00a9 2002 American Institute of Physics. Reprinted with permission.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In modern materials science, more exotic materials like carbon nanotubes and biomaterials may sometimes upstage metals. But En \u201cEvan\u201d Ma has been getting a lot of attention lately for his breakthrough work with nanostructured metals. In fact, the Whiting School of Engineering professor of Materials Science and Engineering was recently honored with ASM International\u2019s 2004 Materials Science Research Silver Medal \u201cfor important experimental and theoretical contributions in the study of metastable and nanocrystalline materials.\u201d Ma, who earned his PhD at Tsinghua University in China with thesis work at the California Institute of Technology, is also affiliated with the Whiting School\u2019s Center for Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Systems.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe wanted to tailor the metal to achieve a great combination of strength and ductility.\u201d En \u201cEvan\u201d Ma<\/cite><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\"22_25highperformers002\"<\/a>\n

Putting it in the simplest terms, Ma sees himself \u201cworking in an old metallurgy field in which we try to discover something new.\u201d Since the Bronze Age, advances in the use of metal have profoundly influenced human civilization. Our ancestors sought ways to gain advantage or solve problems by altering the characteristics of the metals they extracted from nature. Whether forging a blade sharp enough to penetrate the enemy\u2019s armor, setting off precious jewels, supporting tall buildings, or containing tiny explosions inside an engine, humans extracted, fired, quenched, mixed, shaped, and otherwise changed metals to create new possibilities.<\/p>\n

The difference today is the depth of our understanding of what\u2019s going on in the structure of metals as they undergo these man-made changes. \u201cWhen the electron microscope was invented,\u201d says Ma, \u201cscientists began actually seeing metallurgical microstructures on nanometer scale.\u201d Researchers could see how those structures were altered by treatments that were already in use or being developed, and this enabled them to conceive of ways to use both existing and new metallurgical techniques to achieve new levels of performance.<\/p>\n

Materials scientists now understand that it\u2019s all a matter of equilibrium, and the lack thereof. Most engineering materials in use are somewhat unstable. Given enough time and temperature, they would approach thermodynamic equilibrium and stability. But new and often valuable properties of metals arise in states far from equilibrium. So this is where Ma takes them.<\/p>\n

\"Shear<\/a>
Shear Banding In Nanophase Fe (APL 2002)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In his earliest studies, Ma used ion beam mixing. He accelerated ions of atoms and shot them into a matrix to trigger structural changes. In later years, Ma investigated self-propagating reactions of elements in multilayered geometry (see cover image, repeated above), and employed severe plastic deformation to mechanically force the formation of highly nonequilibrium materials. He also has used a vapor quenching technique to alloy metals that wouldn\u2019t otherwise mix. That process involves heating two metals until they vaporize, then condensing the mixed atoms into a solid on a cold substrate. In a recent review published in Progress in Materials Science, Ma describes the metastable nature of the alloys created between these immiscible elements. The structure of the new alloy can be further evolved with heat treatments, yielding different performance characteristics along the way. Currently, Ma\u2019s group is working on creating different structures in an amorphous (structureless) alloy.<\/p>\n

Obviously, new scientific advances have made possible some unusual processing techniques and novel alloys. However, in a recent project, Ma and his colleagues also showed that it is possible to use strictly traditional tools to make a well-known metal behave in an unprecedented way.<\/p>\n

Customized Copper<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Nanocrystalline<\/a>
Nanocrystalline copper in its pure form is six times stronger than coarse-grained copper. But to make it more useful, its tensile ductility needs to be stabilized. En \u201cEvan\u201d Ma, professor of Materials Science and Engineering, and colleagues discussed how a thermomechanical treatment can lead to applications in microelectromechanical and biomedical systems in \u201cHigh Tensile Ductility in a Nanostructured Metal,\u201d Nature 419. \u00a9 2002 Nature. Reprinted with permission.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Copper is known to be a very ductile metal, easily stretched and suitable for making electrical wire. But copper is normally quite soft. Knowing that conventional copper is almost in equilibrium and has a structure of relatively large microcrystals, Ma set out to introduce smaller nanocrystalline grains into the copper microstructure because they tend to enhance strength. \u201cWe wanted to tailor the metal to achieve a great combination of strength and ductility,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

Ma\u2019s research team succeeded by finding the right combination and sequence of fairly conventional treatments. First, a 1 inch cube of copper is cooled to -200\u00ba C. Then it is run though hard rollers that flatten it out into a 1mm-thick sheet. The sheet is then heated to 200\u00baC. By controlling the cooling and heating steps, the proportion of nanoscale crystalline grains in the copper is adjusted. With optimized level of these small grains, the copper exhibits significantly higher strength\u2014about six times the normal level\u2014without sacrificing its high ductility. Easy to produce and endowed with a nice combination of performance characteristics (strength and ductility), such a new form of metal is attractive for a range of applications. Similar customization of nanocrystalline metals makes it possible to customize metal parts for micro machines known as microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS.<\/p>\n

Tailor-made Tungsten<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Compared<\/a>
Compared with their courser counterparts, nanocrystalline materials display great strength and hardness. Using a transmission electron microscope, Ma and colleagues observed some of the unusual mechanical behavior of such materials, reporting their findings in \u201cDeformation Twinning in Nanocrystalline Aluminum,\u201d by Mingwei Chen, En Ma, Kevin J. Hemker, Hongwei Sheng, Yinmin Wang, and Xuimei Cheng, Science, Vol. 300, Issue 5263. \u00a9 2003 Science. Reprinted with permission.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ma also is collaborating with his colleagues in Mechanical Engineering to develop anti-armor materials for use by the military. For years, armor-piercing projectiles have been made with depleted uranium. This high-density material exhibits a highly desirable self-sharpening capability. Rather than mushrooming on impact, it spirals and maintains a pointed shape that penetrates armor plating. However, the use of uranium is controversial, so the search is on for an alternative. Ma thinks he and his colleagues may have the answer.<\/p>\n

Tungsten, like uranium, is a very strong, very dense material, and it has a high melting point. But it lacks the critical self-sharpening capability. However, by pushing the tungsten to extreme nonequilibrium and carefully controlling the resulting nanostructured grains, Ma\u2019s team has already been able to achieve shear localization in the metal. The plastic flow concentrates in a localized shear zone, so the material shears off at a 45\u00ba angle\u2014potentially useful as a self-sharpening penetrator material.<\/p>\n

With the freshly minted tools of nanotechnology at their command, materials scientists like Evan Ma are truly the alchemists of the new millennium.<\/p>\n

To learn more about Evan Ma\u2019s research, visit www.jhu.edu\/~matsci\/people\/faculty\/ma\/ma.html<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On the nano level, Evan Ma triggers structural changes to give copper and other metals exciting new twists in performance. In modern materials science, more exotic materials like carbon nanotubes and biomaterials may sometimes upstage metals. But En \u201cEvan\u201d Ma has been getting a lot of attention lately for his breakthrough work with nanostructured metals….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2183,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-high-perfomers","issue-winter-2005"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMixing it up with Metals - JHU Engineering Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mixing it up with Metals - JHU Engineering Magazine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On the nano level, Evan Ma triggers structural changes to give copper and other metals exciting new twists in performance. In modern materials science, more exotic materials like carbon nanotubes and biomaterials may sometimes upstage metals. But En \u201cEvan\u201d Ma has been getting a lot of attention lately for his breakthrough work with nanostructured metals....\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"JHU Engineering Magazine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2005-01-16T04:45:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2014-12-16T04:46:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/22_25highperformers001.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"285\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"286\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Abby Lattes\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Abby Lattes\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Abby Lattes\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0244393be370fbc3ead8ec26062e9742\"},\"headline\":\"Mixing it up with Metals\",\"datePublished\":\"2005-01-16T04:45:45+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-12-16T04:46:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1214,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/07\\\/22_25highperformers001.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"High Performers\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/\",\"name\":\"Mixing it up with Metals - JHU Engineering Magazine\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/07\\\/22_25highperformers001.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2005-01-16T04:45:45+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-12-16T04:46:45+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0244393be370fbc3ead8ec26062e9742\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/07\\\/22_25highperformers001.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/07\\\/22_25highperformers001.jpg\",\"width\":285,\"height\":286,\"caption\":\"An iron sample (average grain size of 268 nm) shows an unusual plastic deformation behavior, localized in narrow shear bands. The figure is from \u201cEvolution and Microstructure of Shear Bands in Nanostructured Fe,\u201d by Q. Wei, D. Jia, K.T. Ramesh, and E. Ma, published in Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 81, No. 7. \u00a9 2002 American Institute of Physics. Reprinted with permission.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/2005\\\/01\\\/mixing-metals\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Mixing it up with Metals\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/\",\"name\":\"JHU Engineering Magazine\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/engineering.jhu.edu\\\/magazine-archive\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0244393be370fbc3ead8ec26062e9742\",\"name\":\"Abby Lattes\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/c56cb7af5427f847aa288542444ba9ff3d2107bf85dc6c6d44a4d1315608258d?s=96&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/c56cb7af5427f847aa288542444ba9ff3d2107bf85dc6c6d44a4d1315608258d?s=96&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/c56cb7af5427f847aa288542444ba9ff3d2107bf85dc6c6d44a4d1315608258d?s=96&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Abby Lattes\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Mixing it up with Metals - JHU Engineering Magazine","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Mixing it up with Metals - JHU Engineering Magazine","og_description":"On the nano level, Evan Ma triggers structural changes to give copper and other metals exciting new twists in performance. In modern materials science, more exotic materials like carbon nanotubes and biomaterials may sometimes upstage metals. But En \u201cEvan\u201d Ma has been getting a lot of attention lately for his breakthrough work with nanostructured metals....","og_url":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/","og_site_name":"JHU Engineering Magazine","article_published_time":"2005-01-16T04:45:45+00:00","article_modified_time":"2014-12-16T04:46:45+00:00","og_image":[{"width":285,"height":286,"url":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/22_25highperformers001.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Abby Lattes","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Abby Lattes","Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/"},"author":{"name":"Abby Lattes","@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/#\/schema\/person\/0244393be370fbc3ead8ec26062e9742"},"headline":"Mixing it up with Metals","datePublished":"2005-01-16T04:45:45+00:00","dateModified":"2014-12-16T04:46:45+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/"},"wordCount":1214,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/22_25highperformers001.jpg","articleSection":["High Performers"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/","url":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/","name":"Mixing it up with Metals - JHU Engineering Magazine","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/22_25highperformers001.jpg","datePublished":"2005-01-16T04:45:45+00:00","dateModified":"2014-12-16T04:46:45+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/#\/schema\/person\/0244393be370fbc3ead8ec26062e9742"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/22_25highperformers001.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/22_25highperformers001.jpg","width":285,"height":286,"caption":"An iron sample (average grain size of 268 nm) shows an unusual plastic deformation behavior, localized in narrow shear bands. The figure is from \u201cEvolution and Microstructure of Shear Bands in Nanostructured Fe,\u201d by Q. Wei, D. Jia, K.T. Ramesh, and E. Ma, published in Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 81, No. 7. \u00a9 2002 American Institute of Physics. Reprinted with permission."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2005\/01\/mixing-metals\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Mixing it up with Metals"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/#website","url":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/","name":"JHU Engineering Magazine","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/#\/schema\/person\/0244393be370fbc3ead8ec26062e9742","name":"Abby Lattes","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c56cb7af5427f847aa288542444ba9ff3d2107bf85dc6c6d44a4d1315608258d?s=96&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c56cb7af5427f847aa288542444ba9ff3d2107bf85dc6c6d44a4d1315608258d?s=96&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c56cb7af5427f847aa288542444ba9ff3d2107bf85dc6c6d44a4d1315608258d?s=96&r=g","caption":"Abby Lattes"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2179","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2179"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2179\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2794,"href":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2179\/revisions\/2794"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2183"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2179"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2179"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2179"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}