{"id":1850,"date":"2007-01-16T16:48:45","date_gmt":"2007-01-16T21:48:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/?p=1850"},"modified":"2017-09-07T13:51:54","modified_gmt":"2017-09-07T17:51:54","slug":"whats-basement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2007\/01\/whats-basement\/","title":{"rendered":"What\u2019s in the Basement?"},"content":{"rendered":"\"Photos<\/a>\n

Water, wind, and riverbeds! Deep in the bowels of the Whiting School\u2019s buildings, engineering faculty have replicated real-world physical environments\u2014oceans, skies, streams\u2014in mammoth experimental laboratories that will (in some cases, quite literally) take your breath away. We bring you a sampling.<\/p>\n\"2\"<\/a>\n

Surf\u2019s Up! The 20,000-gallon wave tank in the basement of the Stieff Building is equipped with four hydraulic piston-actuated paddles that can create waves moving at different angles and frequencies\u2014generating \u201ca fairly realistic sea state,\u201d says Tony Dalrymple, the Willard and Lillian Hackerman Professor of Civil Engineering. Sensors along the sides of the 58-footlong tank measure wave height and velocity. Dalrymple and his team develop algorithms to predict the behavior of waves and their impact on shorelines, then use the tank to field test their predictions\u2014knowledge vital for preparing for hurricanes, and forecasting how beachfront construction projects will affect shoreline erosion over the long term.<\/p>\n\"3\"<\/a>\n

The pristine waters of the tank (the only one of its design in the nation) will soon get murkier. This spring, some 7 tons of muddy clay will be deposited over the tank\u2019s bottom as part of a five-year, multi-university study that Dalrymple will lead. Fieldwork off the coast of Louisiana and elsewhere has shown that wave energy dissipates (a phenomenon known as \u201cdamping\u201d) when waves travel over mud. How and why? Dalrymple hopes the Stieff Building\u2019s ocean-in-miniature will hold some answers. \u201cIt\u2019s not easy to see mud in the field,\u201d he says, chuckling. \u201cIt\u2019s kind of muddy.\u201d<\/p>\n

No Stone Unturned<\/h4>\n\"4\"<\/a>\n

The colorful stones arrayed along the bottom of the Erosion and Sedimentation Laboratory Tank create a deceivingly idyllic picture. Just wait until graduate student Brendan DeTemple sends water coursing down the flume, more than 1,000 gallons per minute. Then the stones and sand go tumbling down the 50-foot length. The sediment is removed and the stones get caught in the trap at the end (what DeTemple calls the \u201cbig blue bathtub\u201d), where they are weighed, counted, and sorted. \u201cWe can collect more than 10 gallons of sediment in two minutes\u2014it all depends on how we set up the experiment,\u201d says DeTemple, a member of the Stieff Building lab led by Peter Wilcock, professor of geography and environmental engineering.<\/p>\n

Measuring the rate at which the sediment is transported, and the composition of the transport (the percentage of sand vs. gravel), can help the engineers better predict how riverbeds will respond to floods, and how a river will evolve over time. \u201cHow long will a reservoir last? That depends on how much sediment is coming in,\u201d says DeTemple. \u201cEventually, all reservoirs will fill up with sediment.\u201d<\/p>\n

There are implications for wildlife, too, he notes. \u201cSalmon will spawn in gravel but not sand.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the Flow<\/h4>\n\"5\"<\/a>\n

Research scientist Hyung-Suk Kang finishes adjusting the anemometer system in the Corrsin Wind Tunnel, then quickly ducks out before the air stream is activated\u2014at speeds up to 50 miles per hour. Relatively speaking, however, that\u2019s not all that fast. \u201cThis is known as a low-speed wind tunnel. While there are wind tunnels that go at supersonic speeds, this one produces very high-quality flow,\u201d explains Charles Meneveau, the Louis M. Sardella Professor of Mechanical Engineering.<\/p>\n\"6\"<\/a>\n

The closed-loop tunnel in Maryland Hall has a rich history stretching back to the early 1960s, a history emblemized by the vintage bumper stickers that still adorn its secondstory metal fan shaft. Designed and built during the golden years of fluid mechanics at Hopkins by the late professor Stanley Corrsin, the wind tunnel in Maryland Hall has over the years provided data for landmark papers in the field of turbulence. Today, Meneveau and his colleagues use the Corrsin Wind Tunnel to conduct tests on objects placed in the 10-meter-long test section and draw conclusions about the behavior of airflow and heat-flow. Such information is crucial to understanding turbulent air flow around automobiles and aircraft, ventilation inside buildings, and atmospheric wind over plant canopies and rough terrain. It\u2019s exceedingly precise work. Says Meneveau, \u201cThe turbulence that we study in there reaches down to very small eddies, fractions of millimeters, measured at 40 kilohertz\u2014which means that 40,000 times a second there\u2019s a velocity measurement being done.\u201d<\/p>\n\"7\"<\/a>\n

Navigating the Depths<\/h4>\n\"8\"<\/a>\n\"9\"<\/a>\n

Before the two-story, 43,000-gallon Hydrodynamics Tank was constructed in Maryland Hall in 2002, researchers in Louis Whitcomb\u2019s lab had to limit their experimental research to three-week stints at a Naval Academy lab (and occasional trips to Whitcomb\u2019s backyard pool). \u201cNow,\u201d says postdoc James Kinsey, with satisfaction, \u201cwe can do work all the time.\u201d<\/p>\n

The theoretical work conducted by Whitcomb and company involves developing control algorithms to allow the highly precise maneuvering of deep sea robotic vehicles. To test and fine-tune their software, the mechanical engineers launch the nearly 400-pound JHU-ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) into the tank and send it through its paces\u2014controlled via a bank of computers (described as the \u201cbrains of the operation\u201d) that sit on the observation deck above the tank.<\/p>\n

As Kinsey describes it, the work involves solving complex questions of navigation (Where are we?) and control (How do we get where we want to go\u2014and hover there?). These are hardly idle questions when you\u2019re remotely maneuvering a tethered underwater robot across the vast depths of the ocean floor. The goal \u201cis to minimize surprises later when it\u2019s actually out in the Atlantic,\u201d Kinsey says. \u201cWith this system, we can get sub-centimeter precision,\u201d says PhD candidate Steve Martin. Enabling a deep sea robot to hover over the sea floor reduces the amount of sediment kicked up (sediment that interferes with visibility), and avoids having the robot land on and destroy artifacts or ocean life.<\/p>\n\"10.\"<\/a>\n

This capability is key to Whitcomb\u2019s latest project, known as Nereus, which he\u2019s tackling in collaboration with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. The minivan-sized underwater vehicle is slated to descend to the ocean\u2019s deepest depths\u2014the Marianis Trench, 11,000 meters below sea level\u2014in spring or summer 2008. The goal, says Whitcomb: \u201cto provide U.S. scientists with routine access to ocean trenches, access that they don\u2019t have right now.\u201d (Currently the deepest diving underwater vehicle and submarine can only drop to 6,500 meters.) The \u201chybrid\u201d Nereus will first fly 100 meters off the sea floor, taking sonar measurements of topography that can be assembled into a map, which scientists can use to \u201cchoose sites of interest to investigate,\u201d explains Whitcomb. Later Nereus will be sent down again, this time equipped with a robotic arm to gather samples from the targeted sites on the trench floor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Water, wind, and riverbeds! Deep in the bowels of the Whiting School\u2019s buildings, engineering faculty have replicated real-world physical environments\u2014oceans, skies, streams\u2014in mammoth experimental laboratories that will (in some cases, quite literally) take your breath away. We bring you a sampling. Surf\u2019s Up! The 20,000-gallon wave tank in the basement of the Stieff Building is…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1851,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1850","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-features","issue-winter-2007"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat\u2019s in the Basement? - JHU Engineering Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2007\/01\/whats-basement\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What\u2019s in the Basement? - JHU Engineering Magazine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Water, wind, and riverbeds! Deep in the bowels of the Whiting School\u2019s buildings, engineering faculty have replicated real-world physical environments\u2014oceans, skies, streams\u2014in mammoth experimental laboratories that will (in some cases, quite literally) take your breath away. We bring you a sampling. Surf\u2019s Up! 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