{"id":1832,"date":"2007-01-16T16:50:04","date_gmt":"2007-01-16T21:50:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/?p=1832"},"modified":"2014-12-16T16:50:51","modified_gmt":"2014-12-16T21:50:51","slug":"fateful-impacts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2007\/01\/fateful-impacts\/","title":{"rendered":"Fateful Impacts"},"content":{"rendered":"

Every time Professor K.T. Ramesh fires one of the guns in his laboratory, it costs $3,000. The guns are four feet long and two inches in diameter, with a target chamber that is three feet in diameter. They shoot specially designed 300-gram projectiles, made by Ramesh, at up to 300 meters per second, into targets just a couple of millimeters thick. Using the fastest camera in the country, he can snap photos of the collision 100 million times per second. \u201cWe try to understand those first few microseconds,\u201d he says, \u201cand from there we can calculate everything else.\u201d
\nProfessor of mechanical engineering K.T. Ramesh<\/strong> is changing the way scientists think about fragmentation, through research that could shed new light on everything from missile defense to interplanetary collisions.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Everything else, in this case, is the precise pattern of material fragmentation after collision\u2014 the Holy Grail in understanding asteroid impact, designing bullet-proof army tanks, or even thwarting an incoming missile. In recent months, Ramesh and his colleagues have refined fragmentation models that hadn\u2019t been updated in 25 years, which of course has much appeal to the U.S. military. (Ramesh has been funded by, among others, the Army Research Laboratory, the Office of Naval Research, and the Missile Defense Agency.) But Ramesh shuns the classified details and concentrates on the basic underlying mechanics. For regardless of the application, he says, \u201cthe fundamental science is the same\u2014it\u2019s all about impact.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ramesh, who is director of the school\u2019s Center for Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Systems, is interested in dynamic failure, as opposed to the static failure that has been studied extensively for decades. \u201cStatic is when you drop a plate on the floor, and you ask if and how it breaks,\u201d he explains. That depends on the way a few cracks propagate through the plate. \u201cBut if you have a piece of armor plate that\u2019s trying to stop a bullet, you have a very different problem.\u201d<\/p>\n

Unlike a plate dropping on the floor, a colossal amount of energy goes into a dynamic collision, he says, \u201cso that you always end up with lots of cracks, all talking to each other. And it turns out the strength of the material determines the way they communicate and the way they fly. The end result of all the cracks is usually a powder.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>
A camera with a speed of 100 million frames per second took these sequential photos of a ceramic cylinder as it is crushed between two metal bars.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Understanding dynamic failure is thus vital to missile defense. \u201cSay you have an incoming missile, and you launch something to take care of it,\u201d Ramesh explains. The collision would produce a flash of light, followed by a debris cloud\u2014the \u201cpowder\u201d caused by those talking cracks. But the enemy might release a decoy \u201cpowder\u201d to make you think it\u2019s been hit. \u201cSo the question is,\u201d Ramesh says, \u201chow do you know if you\u2019ve actually hit it?\u201d But nobody has [unclassified] data showing how debris clouds form after a missile collision. So instead, they use data from crashes occurring a bit higher in the sky. \u201cIt turns out,\u201d he says, \u201cthat this is exactly the same thing you have during interplanetary collisions.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cMost asteroids have been bumping into each other for about 4 billion years,\u201d Ramesh says, making them ideal models for studying cracks. Scientists can \u201csee\u201d these cracks by actually going to the asteroid to take pictures\u2014as the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory did in 2001 when the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission traveled to the asteroid Eros.<\/p>\n

More recently, scientists have actually watched a live interplanetary collision. In the summer of 2005, NASA\u2019s Deep Impact spacecraft thrust a large probe\u2014the \u201cimpactor\u201d\u2014 onto the comet Tempel 1 and stood back to see what would happen. The images sent back to Earth showed a huge explosion, and observers were able to estimate the size of the particles that made up the subsequent debris cloud. \u201cAnd on the basis of that particle size,\u201d Ramesh says, \u201cthen you can say something about what the comet is made of.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Ramesh<\/a>
Ramesh mounts a 4-by-2.5 millimeter metallic cylinder, which remains stationary until impact. Once the trigger is activated, a projectile flies out of the gun\u2019s chamber, travels through the barrel, and hits a metal bar. This bar then flies forward and impacts a second, stationary bar, smashing the small cylinder in between.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ramesh doesn\u2019t know, and doesn\u2019t want to know, the exact material properties of missiles. \u201cAs soon as people say what exactly is in the missile, what specific materials are used,\u201d he says, \u201cwe don\u2019t get involved.\u201d Instead, Ramesh performs his collision experiments on model materials \u201cthat I think are representative of an entire class.\u201d Titanium, for instance, behaves in the same way as all other hexagonally close-packed metals; aluminum like all other face-centered cubic metals. Ramesh\u2019s lab measures the properties of titanium, or aluminum, under different impact conditions, and then publishes models that calculate the kinds of debris clouds the collisions would form. \u201cAnd then,\u201d he says, \u201cthe people in the missile defense agency can apply our theories however they wish. \u201cI never try to generate the [full-scale] impact event,\u201d Ramesh says. \u201cIt\u2019s too dangerous, and not science to me.\u201d That part gets done in huge national laboratories, like the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories. In the last decade, Ramesh says, the NIF has put \u201ca huge chunk of money\u201d\u2014about $14 billion\u2014into making a laser as big as two football fields. \u201cThey take all that energy,\u201d he explains, \u201cand dump it into a little pellet of hydrogen. They generate the same kinds of conditions that you might have in a nuclear explosion.\u201d<\/p>\n\"122\"<\/a>\n

Ramesh\u2019s lab, in contrast, simulates only small parts of the high-energy event. \u201cWe try to get a controlled event, where we know the energy density, the strain rates, the pressure. We can measure all of that on a smaller scale, and then run a computer simulation, and then create models of the full-scale events.\u201d<\/p>\n

This year, Ramesh published a paper in the International Journal of Fracture that updates the old models of material fragmentation. \u201cAlthough that work was great when it was done,\u201d he says, \u201cwe know a great deal more now.\u201d Ramesh\u2019s research showed that the old models, for instance, overestimated the size of cloud debris particles by a factor of almost five. \u201cI think it will really change the way people think about fragmentation.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve got a strange lab,\u201d Ramesh admits. And one whose results matter to astrobiologists and military strategists alike. \u201cBut,\u201d he says lightheartedly, \u201cthe reason we do this stuff is because we have so much fun with the science.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Above<\/a>
Above is the Plate Impact Accelerator, which tests materials at very high rates of loading, an approach to measuring how fast the sample deforms upon impact. The gun fires a projectile that is precisely angled to meet a mirrored disc inside the chamber, which reflects light from the hydo-laser setup. The amount of movement is measured and the data collected.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"The<\/a>
The gun fires a projectile that is precisely angled to meet a mirrored disc inside the chamber.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"This<\/a>
This polymer projectile has an angled metal flyer plate which, upon impact, creates a pinching and tangential force against the target.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Every time Professor K.T. Ramesh fires one of the guns in his laboratory, it costs $3,000. The guns are four feet long and two inches in diameter, with a target chamber that is three feet in diameter. They shoot specially designed 300-gram projectiles, made by Ramesh, at up to 300 meters per second, into targets…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1836,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1832","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-features","issue-winter-2007"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFateful Impacts - JHU Engineering Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2007\/01\/fateful-impacts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fateful Impacts - JHU Engineering Magazine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Every time Professor K.T. Ramesh fires one of the guns in his laboratory, it costs $3,000. The guns are four feet long and two inches in diameter, with a target chamber that is three feet in diameter. 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