{"id":10388,"date":"2017-12-01T07:49:51","date_gmt":"2017-12-01T12:49:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/?p=10388"},"modified":"2017-12-01T08:40:39","modified_gmt":"2017-12-01T13:40:39","slug":"coming-of-age","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2017\/12\/coming-of-age\/","title":{"rendered":"Coming of Age"},"content":{"rendered":"\"Water<\/a>\n

Ciaran Harman<\/a> understands more than most how water affects geography and climate. The Russell Croft Faculty Scholar in the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering<\/a> was born in Perth, a city on the Indian Ocean at the far western edge of Australia. It\u2019s one of the most isolated metropolises on Earth, sitting at the edge of a desert that occupies a third of the continent and reliant on the rains that sweep north from Antarctica. European farming practices stripped much of the surrounding landscape of native forests and caused salts to rise through the water table, devastating agriculture. Perth increasingly relies on desalinated ocean water for survival.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt is scary in many ways how water-limited that place is,\u201d Harman says. He first worked as an engineer and hydrologist. But he says he was drawn back to an academic career because his clients weren\u2019t always interested in answering the most fundamental questions. His work on hydrology, he says, has a \u201creal purpose and meaning behind it.\u201d The answers he\u2019s pursuing \u201creally matter,\u201d he says, \u201cand that was important to me.\u201d<\/p>\n

Harman studies how water migrates through a landscape, primarily by measuring how long it\u2019s been there. He likes to think of groundwater as starting its life the moment it falls to Earth, maturing underground, and passing away when it enters a stream. He says, \u201cIf you were to go out to a stream here and dip a glass into that stream, if you could ask every molecule, \u2018When did you last fall as rain?\u2019 what would you find?\u201d A lot, as it turns out. The speed with which a raindrop flows through a landscape can help describe the underlying strata of soil, clay, gravel, and rock. Knowing water\u2019s age can help determine the level of purity of the water flowing into streams. It can help forecast the impact of climate change on the health of an estuary, such as the Chesapeake Bay.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Water in the Air<\/h4>\n\"Water\n

Scientists can determine when water first fell as rain by taking samples from the ground or streams and measuring the levels of chemicals it absorbed while still in the atmosphere. Those levels change from year to year. Chlorofluorocarbon aerosol levels were rising until 1996, when they were banned because they were eroding the Earth\u2019s protective ozone layer. After that, the levels began to fall. Water tested today with levels of CFCs near their peak can be dated to 20 years ago, when levels began dropping. Moisture in the air also absorbs sulfur hexafluoride, another highly stable gas, which is used in industrial processes. Nuclear weapons have left their own radioactive fingerprints on groundwater supplies. Levels of tritium, an isotope of hydrogen created by nuclear blasts, rose after the start of atmospheric testing in 1945 and have been falling since it was banned in 1963. Heavy stable isotopes like deuterium are slower-moving than its more common cousins and fluctuate in time and space. All these chemicals help give every storm a different signature.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Water in the Ground<\/h4>\n\"Water\n

The moment a drop of rain reaches the water table, it stops absorbing trace elements and gases. A molecule of groundwater, in Harman\u2019s terms, is born. Generally, the more time water spends in the ground, the more it is cleansed of surface and atmospheric contaminants by filtering through sand and rock. But the length of time water remains in the ground depends, to a large extent, on the terrain\u2019s hidden architecture. As an engineer, Harman works with field scientists on computer programs that can incorporate the age of water with other factors to help trace its movement through the soil.<\/p>\n

One implication of his work is that, in many places, the water in streams has passed through a larger volume of groundwater than previously thought. He recently worked with researchers from the University of Wyoming, who deployed a network of ground microphones around a stream valley in Baltimore County\u2019s Oregon Ridge Park. Taking a break from his programming efforts, Harman was enlisted to strike a piece of steel with a sledgehammer. The sound of these strikes echoed through the ground, producing a kind of ultrasound image of the underlying soils.<\/p>\n

The team found something much different from what standard textbooks said should be there. Instead of the stream cutting its way down through rock, the researchers found that the stream was aligned along the top of a hard, unweathered rock that fell away beneath the soft porous rock beneath the hills on either side. They also found much deeper flow paths for the water, he says, that take it as deep or deeper than the stream beds themselves. \u201cThere are still lots of things we don\u2019t know about how water flows through the landscape,” says Harman.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Water in a Stream<\/h4>\n

\"Water<\/a>After a rain, streams become swollen. But what percentage of the water that falls as rain is immediately carried away by the stream? And how much remains in the ground? The question is important, because runoff generally carries more contaminants than subsurface water. Runoff depends in part on the permeability and level of saturation of the surrounding landscape. \u201cWhen the catchment is very wet, we tend to see more flow paths activated,\u201d Harman says. \u201cThat means that more of the younger water in the landscape is going to end up in the stream.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sometimes, 90 percent of the volume of water that is in the stream is water that fell in the most recent storm. Sometimes, just 30 percent. In the latter case, much of the water in the stream will be groundwater that was squeezed out of the terrain by pressure from the rainwater that just fell. In other words, young water displaced old water. In some instances, Harman says, only 5 percent of the water in a stream after a storm might have come from the storm itself.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Water and Climate Change<\/h4>\n

\"Water<\/a>Harman and other scientists studying the effects of climate change on water supplies focus on the \u201ccritical zone\u201d\u2014everything that extends from the top of the forest canopy to the lowest depth where rainwater percolates.<\/p>\n

The age of water matters, Harman says, because it can affect everything from erosion rates to the health of fisheries to the safety of drinking water supplies.<\/p>\n

If a hotter world produces an overall wetter climate, as many expect, that will have profound effects on this zone. More rain in the summer, Harman says, could produce a faster turnover of water closer to the surface and the slower flushing of water deeper in the system.<\/p>\n

Since younger water tends to carry more atmospheric and surface pollutants, water quality could degrade. \u201cWith wetter and wetter conditions, the landscape is a less efficient filter,\u201d Harman says. Climate change is expected to bring wetter winters to this area. Where it causes drier winters, older water may be flushed out into the streams faster, lowering the water table.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Ciaran<\/a>
Ciaran Harman and students sample water streams at Oregon Ridge Park<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Harman compares his work on the movement of water to that of a demographer, who studies the age distribution\u2014the mix of children, youth, and adults\u2014in human populations. But, of course, raindrops can\u2019t be counted like people.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m trying to find useful mathematical computations for systems that are too complex for traditional physics to deal with,\u201d he says. He\u2019s had some success. He recently won a National Science Foundation CAREER Award<\/a> for his research, and some of his work is currently being incorporated into the Chesapeake Bay Program\u2019s latest computer model of the watershed. He also received the Early Career Award from the Hydrology Section of the American Geophysical Union, the world\u2019s largest organization of geoscientists. But there is a lot more to do.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe don\u2019t really understand how the subsurface topography of the landscape evolves,\u201d he says. \u201cThe structure of the ground beneath our feet bears the memory of the water that flows through it.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Who knew that water could be young, old, and in between? Turns out that water\u2019s age can offer insights on everything from purity to climate change.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":10393,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[375,1278,2109,2219,2223,2227,2231,2235],"class_list":["post-10388","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-features","tag-climate-change","tag-ciaran-harman","tag-water","tag-environmental-health-and-engineering","tag-hydrology","tag-landscape-hydrology","tag-environment","tag-water-purity","issue-winter-2018"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nComing of Age - JHU Engineering Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2017\/12\/coming-of-age\/\" \/>\n<link rel=\"next\" href=\"https:\/\/engineering.jhu.edu\/magazine-archive\/2017\/12\/coming-of-age\/2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Coming of Age - JHU Engineering Magazine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Who knew that water could be young, old, and in between? 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